Ali sacred to the west of China's Tibet plateau, known as a "roof of the world's roof" of the vast plateau, which reached the altitude of 4400 meters with a total area of about one-third of Tibet, but the population density here, but Only 0.16 people per sq km, the territory of vertical and horizontal distribution of more than 1,000 km "No man's land" into the already full of mystery of the Tibetan plateau of the most attractive side Fam - This is a well-known Ali plateau. If you open the map, in the westernmost territory of China, today to find Ali Shiquanhe Town, the capital of the region, its geographical coordinates of latitude for 2 � 5, longitude 80 � 0 away from Lhasa, the capital of the Tibet Autonomous Region of the 1800 km. So far, from Ali to Lhasa air route has not yet opened, from Lhasa, Tibet in the use of land transport in the most advanced transportation vehicles, at least four or five days to reach the Shiquanhe . Therefore, even if the local people in Tibet, Ali went to the people is very small. However, Ali in Tibet, and even in the vicinity of the well-known in South Asia is very high. The reason why is because this looks very Huang Ji on the plateau, with many the mystery of the natural and historical attractions the mystery. Ali to the north, there are well-known Kunlun Mountains, in the "Book of Mountains and Seas", here is the home of the gods Market, "Journey to the West" in the shop via the Buddhist scriptures, "Huoyanshan", which is said to be present in the Kunlun mountains War of the Hill; Ali north of the Himalayas, stands a towering peaks 5 and became Said the fairy 5 Xia Fan, in the legendary folk. However, in the hills of Ali among the most mysterious or Gangdise Mountains, it is in the Trans-Himalayan and Kunlun Mountains, its main peak Ren Gang Buqie located in the highlands of Ali Kaplan County, 6714 meters above sea level , In different parts of South Asia, not Religious, ethnic groups together as the "Holy Mountain" and each year attract thousands of Buddhism, Hinduism, Jainism, the religion followers come to worship. Kamiyama outside, "Shen Shui," "Lake God." Ali area of the river 4, down from a four-Hill Gangdise from different directions into the Foreign degrees. 4 people with animals horses, lions, elephants, peacocks named 4 of this river, they will be treated as Shenshui. Shen Shui-jen is also Gang into Buqie Mapangyongcuo near the lake, the world's highest fresh water lake, some people believe that "Datang Western Regions" in the records of "the Jade Pool West," Buddhists believe that Buddha on earth is the Lord to give the mannose cleaning people's minds, "Wu Du", it has also become the "Holy Mountain" along with "Lake of God." In addition to Kamiyama, Shen Shui, God, and other lake formed by the natural landscape of the soul legend Magic said Ali, and many areas have yet to unlock the mystery of history is fascinating, To, since ancient times, people here are very long for the holy shrines, attracting numerous religious believers and explorers, travelers bull by the horns, set foot on the Galapagos on the road. Stephen Valley, as the mystery of the Kingdom of Ali's western highlands, has long been a countless variety of text-yu was described by the record of God The Kingdom - Gugewangguo. In accordance with historical records, Tibet as early as age or even earlier, the band was a "sheep with the" territorial principle. History books, "Tong Dian" records: "States with large sheep east Tibet, with little to the west, north to fill up straight, more than anything, Bajiu Wan-sheng soldiers. Braiding the hair of people felt Qiu, for the livestock industry And more snow, ice thickness Zhang Yu. Out of the products, and quite popular with the fan. However, no words carved wooden rope knot it. Severe criminal law. "(Volume 190. Frontier f) super-hui" to the five-day-Zhu Guo, "also have in mind," Yang ":" Mi Jia Shi, Luo Ge Shan on the 15th Northeast-way, that is, large law Bo, Yang with the country, Suo Ciguo broadcast. And the three countries are governed Tibet, clothing and the wind made the sound of other people, a shirt Piqiu felt boots pants also, in a small, extremely dangerous mountains and rivers. "Here in mind the" sheep "and" Yang ", and its location in the territory of Ali today. Tibetan historical records in this area called" zhang "(ZhangZhung), the geographical scope of the phase Vast, "zhang-in" refers to some of today's Guge, Gangdise Hill area by the dozens of tribes or tribal groups who are part of an "zhang kingdom," the center of the region lies. It has been contained here has had zhang capital of the Kingdom of the "Silver City dome", and has a strong military and large population. Until the year Songtsan Gambo century to build a strong Tufan Kingdom after Xingbing exterminate the western region of Tibet's most ancient history. Tubo Kingdom of the end of the last generation of Tibetan King Lang Darma fled to the descendants of Ali, Ali, established the rule of the small kingdom, one of the small kingdom of Guge Dynasty capital Will be built in the Zanda County today from the bar. The site has also kept hundreds of caves and holes are beautifully drawn mural of Buddhist temples, grottoes relics, the city's coffers memory placed gunpowder, armor, helmets and a variety of iron weapons. According to Tibetan historical records, "Tibet WANG Chen in mind" records, has passed a total of 16 Gugewangguo King, the last year in the 17th century because of Western missionaries into the Missionaries of Guge, leading to the Catholic King of Guge and adhere to Buddhism as the state religion between the Minister of serious conflict, neighboring countries by the Kingdom of Guge Ladakh domestic chaos , Sent troops to the besieged capital of the bar from its demise. Zhang Guge, the two were leading the Western Merry oldest in the world, away from the smoke of history, so that archaeologists, historians, scientists in the nation's Hao Han Shi search hard in an attempt to use scientific evidence To recover its old history. Gugewangguo on, although the historians and archaeologists Jia made a lot of research work, but there are still many problems now in the possession of a failed Mountain in Wuhai solution. Of these, an archaeologist the most interesting question is: was this the Kingdom of the most powerful, at one time claimed to reach hundreds of thousands of people, but today's existing capital Gugewangguo not binding sites There are cave people to live together, we can only accommodate about two thousand people, it can not allow scholars to speculate, in this mysterious land, we have numerous such as bar from the ancient castle hidden in the desert wilderness Deep, the history of the dust cover. As a result, a team has a set foot on the Arab-Israeli Plateau, to explore the mysterious ancient deep in the desert wilderness of those unknown in the world. The author's investigation team from the Tibetan Affairs Commission and the Sichuan University, both Tibetan and Chinese archaeologists, has said several times that deep into the plateau Ali finally made significant archaeological discoveries. Ga East and Central Paper: Evanescent world of June 1992, at the conclusion of the investigation team on the territory of Ali, the most on the northern side of the county's soil and excavations of archaeological investigation after June 17 Gangdise over the mountain, plateau Ali entered the southern edge of the Zanda County . Zanda County, located in the Himalayas and Gangdise Hill, West, South Surface, which borders with India, the north-western Indian-occupied Kashmir and adjacent phase, the two sides of the Northeast with Kaplan, gar at the junction of two counties, the northern part of the landscape and Ali have a lot of difference, belonging to the geological community known as the "Zada basin" of the region . Here the distribution of a series of small valleys and plains Basin, There are 14 rivers , The largest of which is like a river Quanhe (Tibetan "Langqin zangbo"), through the East and West County into the West India, Pakistan in the lower reaches of its territory into the Indian River, known in India for a quarter of Sartre tired River. Quan He, like in the valley plain with small basin, can produce barley, wheat, pea and rapeseed, and other agricultural Objects in the valley there are small areas of pasture, climatic conditions suitable for agriculture and animal husbandry. Zanda along the ancient lake on the edge of the gully, from the formation of the surface of the plateau has been down into the valley as Quanhe. With the natural landscape is also a high degree of changes in the vertical distribution was: maximum, we can see the magnificent Mala Ya Mountains cross the sky, snowy, several blocks lined Bing-Feng; Bing-Feng field, is the first line of brown LAM composition of the soil in the world, and this is the ancient lake formed after the deposition of the Zanda Basin, "Basin Edge "; Department pelvic floor is Valley-quan, as numerous flat river terraces, as a block," Oasis ", set The two sides in the river. Ga East and Central Paper, the two-phase bear in the adjacent village, located in the bar from the northwest about 40 kilometers, it is an oasis in a countless. Summer in the Ga East, Central Paper, the clear river water flow quietly deep in the valley, green grass, blooming into a piece of red and white flowers, Flocks of sheep, the repeated claims made by the Pastoral, one of the Shiwaitaoyuan scene. It is difficult to imagine in the history of Gugewangguo, here was a major contributing factor Nongmozhongcai a brilliant stroke. I entered the village of Ga East Mizoguchi, first of all, the eye is on that ridge rows of a relic of the pagoda, and then forward, we can see the yellow soil Steep cliffs above the cave filled with Zuozuo, the top of the hill has been the collapse of the Buddhist temple remains fresh in our memory. East eastbound from the re-ga about 2 km, turn two after the cliff, much can be seen large-scale cave site of the central group of leather, lie in the blue sky and white clouds, dense peak nest-like cave, cloth For as long as a full public About the cliff, very magnificent. Ga East Grottoes are located in this village of Ga East cliff on the north, north east Ga village of about 400 meters south of a stream flowing from east to west, as import Quanhe, according to the mountain cave to the east was You cut to the existing caves are about 200, of which Varitronix has drawn Several of the cave murals, on the eastern side of a U-shape was on the cliff. Site to the south slope of the mesa on foot, with a large Buddhist temple is located in Tallinn and waste sites, we can see here is a temple and the caves into one large group of sites. Paper Grottoes located in the central east to the north of Ga, but also from a temple, Fort and caves, Tallinn, a large component of the site. Grottoes are located in the former mountain after mountain and hill, the local legend of the cave where the number of "former Hill thousand, a thousand mountain," the actual statistics about the number closer to 1000, but due to old, and many have long cave collapse did not damage deposit No statistics, Guo added that part of the cave, with the legendary grotto is almost the same size. Paper before the central mountain foot of the mountains, there is a big platform called "Green Pool", built above the ancient Buddhist temple and Tallinn; ago, and halfway up the mountain top of the hill were remnants of a Buddhist temple in the early days of the great hall with high-level Dukang Sengshe "La Niyaz not " Site, and the group of caves is mixing; after the remnants of the mountain is a palace, law enforcement, as well as a large number of cave temple ruins, more than the overall size of the Ga East. However, in today's down-to-deposit books in Chinese and Tibetan literature, but almost can not find on the Ga East, the skin of any central records, these two great sites, as a The world has disappeared, quietly, not known for many years quietly located in the desert soil Lin, ushered in the sunrise and sunset ... ... saying good-bye to the brilliant art Baoku 1991?6?22 , This is a memorable day of our life. 17:30 or so, On the day scheduled for the end of the investigation, we point to return by car to the camp. On the way, a dozen Tibetan-year-old shepherd girl ask our jeep ride home, in the car, the way we have to ask her not to visit with the "Hole of the murals painted there." Who knows when we understand that she was referring to such sites , Turns out to be quite sure of his head: in the Ga East Village not far behind the waist of a mountain slope, they have to preserve the cave, she had sheep, in order to drive the crowd into the rain will be over Cave, There have been drawn to see the beautiful murals. We immediately asked her to lead the way, the drive Ga to the East. In the distance a village not far from the "U" shape of the cliff, lined up in the distribution of more than 10 blocks ranging from the size of the cave. Hill on board, was one of three caves in the (then East Ga were numbered 1, 2, Route Cave) found a very well-preserved frescoes. Since then, with Ga about 2 km away from the central skin, but also found more than there are remnants of the grotto murals. This major discovery, opened a Chinese grotto art in the history of the picture is extremely valuable for the grotto art in the Temple of the Tibetan Plateau, the spread of the history and development, in order to Gugewangguo history, have provided valuable historical materials. Ga East, Central Paper Grottoes, Tibet is the largest so far found a Buddhist grotto sites, according to preliminary observations, including the type of worship Buddha Grottoes week Foku the ceremony, the daily practice of Sengfang Cave, piling up debris in the warehouse as well as the Cave Resettlement of monks dedicated to the exhumation, such as Cave. The ceremony in the remnants of a large number of Foku Beautiful murals system, has a very rich. Ga East, Central Paper caves and large mural is divided into 10 major themes, namely: Buddha, Bodhisattva, like all kinds of Zunxiang women, as founder and senior monks, and the law of God as the Book, to support portrait of the Buddhist-story, map and say Figure ceremony, the secret to teach Mandala, Kinds of decorative design patterns. As archaeologists, we attract the most attention is that the murals were in support of the image. That is, cut funding to support people in order to promote Buddhist grottoes, but also for their own merits and virtues of the people in mind to stay. They are due to the laity, wearing a custom fitted at the time, so when the artist will have their portraits In the mural, as it left us with a painting of people living at that time "photo." Ga East and Central Paper in the caves, are inside the Cave Road on both sides of the walls of the cave or the bottom of the less conspicuous place, "said ceremony map" drawn in the form of support, usually the monks are, to support people in Audiometry ceremony For monks sitting on their sides, pious and solemn expression. In the East, such as Ga 1, the first place 1, 2, Cave, Central Paper No. 79,351, caves, all to see such a scene. To support these people dressed in costumes, there are very obvious characteristics of both men and women, all dressed in a triangle with a large lapel, a sleeve Passed through his hands, and the clothing side of the collar, sleeves or broad set with the edge of the pattern robes, men often wear head along the wide hat, scarf or bar, and women were more Fabian Salisbury, is divided into a number of stocks in the head coil , The top again to wear headgear. Wah Kwai clothing these figures should be made cave that is funded to support the people. Through thin A comparative study, we found that those who support the dress, and the times of the Tibetan nobles of the royal family has a similar fashion. Dunhuang during the occupation of Tibet, such as removing the first 158,159 of the two caves, PO by a Tibetan robe, it is such a large triangular pattern of the lapel. Dunhuang in the early 8th century in the Juanhua Suohui Fan like people period, but also to wear this robe. After the 11th century Tibetan Mountain Long (Mangnang) temple of Tibetan prince, as well as with the old cell adjacent territory of Ladakh Buddhist temple in the early-percha (Tobo), Achebe (Alchi) Suohui murals in the royal family, dressed in the same The clothing, all the characteristics of Large triangle lapel. Through comparative study, we believe that the East Central Gapi caves emerged in support of the people, when the Department of Guge king of the Department of nobility. Contact documented, this may be related to the ancient Georgian royal split in the eastern part of the period Ga religious activities. Grottoes murals to show to us, is a colorful, Color trends in the world. Buddhism in various types of materials, in addition to the solemn expression of the various types of Buddha, is the largest emerging as a variety of Buddha. Buddha Grottoes in the name as from the point of view can be divided into two categories is specifically Buddhist scriptures in the name of Buddha, that is, sleep, and other places of Buddha, Sakyamuni Department to help promote education, such as Buddha is, the Goddess of Mercy; the other is to support a variety of Buddha, the name is extremely complicated, for example, the Eastern Ga 2 Cave of the Tibetan question in mind mind that the Buddha's name, as many as many as several hundred. Buddha's costumes are basically the same characteristics, high-beam position bun, wearing a three-hua, Wu Hua Bao crown, earring big ring, pendant wear, or Luo Ying, upper body Naked, wear a bracelet arm, bracelets and so on, the knot in the Mid Diezuo sit cross-legged on top, holding hands or node India, there is behind the first light, around the back. Buddha as the Goddess of Mercy more standing position, for example, the Eastern Ga 1, of Suohui cave in a decade audio-visual concept, plump body, face Jiao Mei, Tingtingyuli, touching expression. In addition, Art on the most aggressive type of change, it is women are superior to all types of (the goddess) as. Murals in the grottoes Suohui Zunxiang women, there are different types of King Kong for a class of women, for example, the Eastern Ga 1, of Suohui cave walls of the West all kinds of King Kong goddess; a class for the day to support women, including Hong day for women, for flowers M-day, San Hua Tian F, Yin Song-day women, F-day dance, and so on; there is a class for a variety of Tara, Bulmo. Goddess of these types of changes in the lively style rich in murals in the caves of the western region is the most beautiful part of the show's high standard of art. They are basically similar to the characteristics of costumes, usually wearing a crown or crowns Po, Tai Wan earring, pendant to wear there, arm Kushiro, Bracelet, bangle, such as foot jewelry, silk Jianpi article, Tianyipiaofei, or the upper body naked, end all kinds of hand or fingerprint Chi Fa, in the painting, limner have the flexibility to use its lines to set out the outline, With changes in the light of the law highlight the bleeding of its full female body, the shape of a beautiful person as the "wall of beauty." With India, Xinjiang, Dunhuang caves and other places of Buddhist art, was flying east Ga grotto murals in the most lively "little angel." Flying, also known as the "bullock up to grannies", in the Buddhist world, is a flight in the air to worship the Buddha, which is functional in Foshuo Fa in the air when the San Hua, Play music, good dancing and aroma immense overflowing, it is also known as "sweet sound of God." Ga East caves, flying in the main draw at the top of the Mandala, as well as on both sides of the shrines of Buddha on both sides of the. They are wearing a crown, or bare upper body, or a tight short-sleeved clothing, musical instruments or for holding hands, some covering on their heads Canopy, flight positions are looked up and upper body, legs, but the style is different: some straight-foot, one foot below the knee from bending backward; two others were enough to tilt backward, Wei Qu knee, the body of Tian Yi, silk Piaofei with the wind, the whole body dancing in the air. Rudong Ga 2 shrines in the posterior wall of the Buddha Cave Flying above the level of Suohui, legs and body changes very rich and varied, in order to cope with Tian Yi, silk and down with the Piaofei, they have a different flight in the air dynamics, clearly showing that thousands of flying style. It also painted a mural in a large number of animals and plants, animals which have Lung, Fung Lions, sheep, cattle, horses, ducks, geese, and so on as different types of animals, some species of the plateau is not Ali, and some animals are Buddhist deification of animals, such as peacocks, the indigenous fish, such as Arowana, Changing the image of an exaggeration, it is clear from other cultures. In particular, patterns of animal epidemic "of the beast" This structure graphics Such as Ssangyong phase winding, Shuanglu on-ming, Sheung Fung opposite pattern, and so on, in addition to the compound with deer around five and eight phoenix around with a tiger-by-three goats, two sheep, a lion-by-animal combinations, such as design, These designs have a unique style of art which are likely to have Buddhism in the Western Regions. Plant trees in a design-oriented, its There are flowers, such as fruit trees and more of this as background, its most exaggerated form the shape of palm-shaped, the corolla-shaped, mushroom-shaped, triangle (Arrow), and so on, with a Buddhist flowers in addition to the special significance of the lotus, in the decorative Patterns of the more common pattern honeysuckle, as well as Chan Zhi Wen Juan Cao flowers, the ever-changing Grass trees, caves almost every decorate a blank all over Liufang color. With a world-wide significance of the issue Central East Ga-skin found in the grottoes relics, not only to fill the western region of Tibet in ancient grotto art is a major gap, the more important, we also brought to light in the western Tibet in Asia as a whole Ancient civilizations of the chain occupied by very significant. The western part of the Tibet Buddhist cave murals, over the past few years through the Archaeological Survey of the available clues, and are not limited to, Ga East - a central Paper, in order to Gugewangguo Ali Plateau as the center of a wide range of distribution. Ali from the geographical location of it, And is in Central Asia, South Asia, two regional Buddhism popular on the point of intersection; from the skin and central - East Ga cave murals, painted method, style, as well as the characteristics of people and animals and many other features observed, and no doubt all of Central Asia, South Asia Buddhist art has a very close relationship. For example, the murals of birds, beasts, as well as joint Ornamentation, and so on, have all the Central Asian art of ancient Persia One of the features; figures in the mural and a large triangle set collar robe, in the Tibetan Dunhuang Grottoes period by removing the murals are also more common in the clothing that they In between the cultural links. As a result, Tibet, the western part of the grotto art components have been As its likely imported directly from South Asia, with India in the late Polo dynasty period of close to teach the arts, has a direct relationship. At the same time, it is likely also to a certain extent, to learn from some of the Central Asian Buddhist art of composition. Paper-Ga East Central grotto art found so far, the research The former is still carried out in-depth, two of the Sino-Tibetan Chinese archeology, history, Tibetan and other experts, is continuing from the shapes of the caves, murals, title in mind that ingredients such as paint a different point of view, combined with the literature of ancient books for Comprehensive study. These studies can be said to be a world-wide significance of the issue Has given rise to many countries and regions have attached great importance to scholars. We are convinced that the Chinese scholars will be expected to make significant progress for China's ancient civilization, wrote a new chapter in history.
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